Speech Community :: essays research papers

Discourse Community Contribution There is an unending measure of talk rooms accessible on the web and every one can be characterized as its own discourse network. I have decided to break down a visit room that is committed to the hit Fox unscripted TV drama, American Idol. The transcript utilized was from a talk meeting that happened at 10:00 PM on March 27, 2005. This online visit room appeared to be the wellspring of a consistent progression of obstinate explanations with respect to the network show. Because of the namelessness of the web, individuals from the numerous discourse networks inside are precariously recognized. Individuals will in general depend exclusively on â€Å"screen names† for recognizable proof purposes. With names, for example, TanBear251 and MegaBob12, most measurable data in regards to the character of members is restricted. The specific circumstance and motivation behind the visit room, notwithstanding, take into consideration different restricted ends to be drawn. For the American Idol visit room, it very well may be expected that members incorporate individuals who watch the network show normally. These individuals are probably going to factually fall into the show’s target crowd with respect to age and pay, among different variables. The intended interest group of American Idol comprises of center to upper-white collar class watchers between the ages of 20 and 45 years old. No physical area can really be characterized for this discourse occasion. One member may live in Houston, Texas, while another may live in Puerto Rico. Because of the hour of day, an easygoing setting can be expected since all things considered, most members are situated inside their own homes. Investment is completely willful and much of the time is for pleasure purposes.      For this talk room specifically, information genuinely is power. The status of a member develops with their skill on a topic of conversation. The talk room â€Å"regulars† appear to hold a higher status that the individuals who are entering just because. This is seen with the measure of posted messages an individual makes. The individuals who routinely take part in the talk room from everyday overwhelm the conversation while newcomers will in general kick back and watch. So as to pick up incorporation in a conversation, one must substantiate themselves as educated about the current subject.      Some of the obstructions that exist together with visit room correspondence incorporate a constrained capacity to show feeling just as a repetitive composing prerequisite. To address these issues, numerous new shortened articulations have been presented.

Influences of Eastern Religions in My Life Free Essays

Impacts of Eastern Religions In My Life The two readings that have affected, affected, and tested my perspective on religion are the Bhagavad Gita (BG) and the essential works of Zhuangzi. I have picked these readings in light of their impact and knowledge they have uncovered to me in my current station of life. In especially, from the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna’s educating in part 2 â€Å"The Path of Reality,† and from Zhuangzi; his points of view from his works in area 3 â€Å"The Secret of Caring for Life† and segment 18 â€Å"Supreme Happiness. We will compose a custom paper test on Impacts of Eastern Religions in My Life or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Both have addressed me from an alternate setting, inside an alternate arrangement of parameters than that of my own confidence and work on; carrying me to a new and significant comprehension of my very own portion suffering quandaries inside my own strict custom. I right now see myself as a Mormon (Latter-day Saint) and have been throughout the previous 13 years. Up until this REL 101 class I was curious about these eastern strict conventions and points of view. The Path of Reality, as titled for part 2 in the (BG), has made me fully aware of its significant exercise, which I am grateful for its impact. The idea of non-connection is common here in this part. Non-connection intends to live like a lotus leaf, without being moved by it or dirtied by it. It is without living from the encumbrances of life and the attractions and interruptions it brings to the table, not latently by fleeing from them, yet effectively by creating composure (yoga) and Self(atman)- mindfulness (Ch. v. 30-48). As indicated by the (BG) contact with sense objects brings about connection (Ch. 2 v. 58). In the accompanying versus it clarifies this idea: When we don't have the correct segregation we lose the capacity to pick carefully, which brings about the outcomes of karma that ties us to this world and samsara. In spite of the fact that I have not grasped each feature of Hinduism, the incredible language found in the (BG) has reinforced me to handle present-day continu ous preliminaries in my own existence with new energy and excitement. What I would just sort as transgression or an abhorrent deed from the presets of my own strict custom, I have discovered new phrasing and clarification for my conduct that has been enabling and stimulated my aspiration to defeat this affliction I have been looking in my life. The other perusing that has positively affected me is the fundamental works of Zhuangzi. Segment 3 â€Å"The Secret of Caring forever. † Here, Zhuangzi passes on a tale about Cook Ding, the butcher, which draws an increasingly great picture of specialization (Zhuangzi, p. 45-46). His model is predictable with Aristotle’s perception that human life offers nothing else of a satisfying action than the activity of some gained ability. Exceptionally sharpened aptitudes welcome confusing, practically supernatural, portrayal. In execution we appear to encounter a solidarity of on-screen character and activity. Such practice is a method of losing oneself as one would in consideration or in a stupor. Zhuangzi considers Cook Ding having momentous expertise, easily, in light of the fact that this ability in real life is done simultaneously while being unified with the Dao (p. 45-46). The precision of our own activities once in a while bewilders us. We don't see how we did it; we absolutely can't disclose it to other people. I discovered this story fascinating in light of the fact that I am one who esteems self-dominance. As an ex-university competitor I can identify with Cook Ding, however would prefer to call it â€Å"being in the zone. † Although I am not a supporter of Daoism there are numerous things I find engaging in this convention; this magical story being one of them. The other area from Zhuangzi â€Å"Supreme Happiness† has helped the ongoing loss of my distant grandma â€Å"Grandma Bea. My distant grandmother was a mainstay of confidence in my life and an extraordinary model in numerous fields of life. Now and again, normally, I wound up lamenting over her misfortune. Perusing this area I felt that it gave me new understanding to adapting to this misfortune. From the outset, I got myself progressively like Huizi, as opposed to Zhaungzi. As contemplated this for the past couple weeks my despondency has died down. When Zhuangzi’s spouse passed on and he beat on a drum as opposed to grieving for her, he addressed his Huizi by clarifying that maybe his better half had advanced into a more joyful presence than that which she had delighted in while in human structure. It was not off-base to have adored her and to miss her, yet it wasn't right to grieve her change starting with one structure then onto the next (Zhuangzi, 115). Zhuangzi’s stories bring up that one can't be sure what is best for others and that one ought to consequently abstain from forcing speculative and unsure qualities on others. He likewise edifies the peruser about the real factors of death and the lucidity that originates from having a higher information which gives more prominent comprehension and capacity to adapt to death. He states, â€Å"If I were to trail her awling and crying, it would show that I don’t comprehend anything about destiny. So I halted (115). In this manner, passing is just a stage in the turning of the wheel of fortune that is the Dao. The turning of the wheel voids the personality and crumbles the material body of the dead individual. From the point of view of the Dao, be that as it may, no condition is more attractive than another. As a c haracteristic occasion in the pattern of human life, passing is neither to be dreaded nor to be saddened over. This viewpoint has given me new understanding and capacity to adapt to my ongoing misfortune. Step by step instructions to refer to Influences of Eastern Religions in My Life, Essay models

Pornography Essays (4498 words) - Pornography, Sex-positive Feminism

Erotic entertainment Erotic entertainment - Sex or Subordination? In the late Seventies, America got stunned and offended by the assault, mutilation, and murder of over twelve youthful, wonderful young ladies. The man who submitted these killings, Ted Bundy, was later captured and executed. During his confinement in different prisons, he was intellectually tested and goaded by therapist and psychoanalysts planning to find the base of his vicious activities and sexual dissatisfactions. Numerous hypotheses emerged in endeavors to clarify the inspirational factors behind his lethal capers. Be that as it may, the most grounded and generally possible of these speculations came not from the therapists, yet from the man himself, as a youngster, my mates and I would all sneak around and watch pornography. As I developed more established, I turned out to be increasingly intrigued and associated with it, [pornography] turned into a fixation. I got so engaged with it, I needed to join [porn] into my life, however I was unable to carry on like that and keep up the achievement I had buckled down for. I produced a change sense of self to satisfy my dreams under-spread. Sex entertainment was a methods for opening the malevolent I had covered inside myself (Leidholdt 47). Is it conceivable that erotic entertainment is going about as the way to opening the malice in progressively unsteady personalities? As indicated by Edward Donnerstein, a main scientist in the erotic entertainment field, the connection between explicitly vicious pictures in the media and resulting hostility and . . . hard perspectives towards ladies is a lot more grounded measurably than the connection among smoking and malignant growth (Itzin 22). Subsequent to thinking about the expansion in assault and attack, lewd behavior, and other sex violations in the course of the most recent couple of decades, and furthermore the comparing increment of business in the sex entertainment industry, the connection among brutality and sex entertainment needs impressive investigation and assessment. When the proof you will experience in this paper is assessed and measured, it will be hard not left away with the acknowledgment that routine utilization of explicit material advances unreasonable and out of reach wants in men that can prompt vicious conduct toward ladies. So as to appropriately talk about sex entertainment, and have the option to interface it to savagery, we should initially go to an essential and pleasing comprehension of what the word sex entertainment implies. The term sex entertainment begins from two Greek words, porne, which implies mistress, and graphein, which intends to compose (Webster's 286). My conviction is that the blend of the two words was initially intended to depict, in writing, the sexual adventures of ladies esteemed to be prostitutes. As time has passed, this meaning of sex entertainment has developed to incorporate all revolting writing and pictures. At the current date, the term is fundamentally a sweeping which covers a wide range of material, for example, express writing, photography, movies, and video tapes with changing degrees of sexual substance. For Catherine Itzin's exploration purposes erotic entertainment has been isolated into three classifications: The explicitly unequivocal and vicious; the explicitly express and peaceful, yet subjecting and dehumanizing; and the explicitly unequivocal, peaceful, and no subjecting that depends on commonality. The explicitly express and savage is realistic, indicating infiltration and discharge. Likewise, it shows the rough demonstration toward a lady. The subsequent model shows the realistic sexual act and peak, however not a rough demonstration. This model shows the lady being dressed is an outfit or being 'talked down' to so as to lessen her to something not human, for example, a body part or only something to engage in sexual relations with, a body opening or a hole. In addition to the fact that erotica shows the whole realistic sexual act, it likewise portrays a fascination between two individuals. Her examination reliably shows that destructive impacts are related with the initial two, however that the third 'erotica', is innocuous (22). These three classifications essentially exist as apparatuses of recognizing content. Albeit now and again they cover without a genuine differentiation, as in when the film is realistic in the sexual demonstration and furthermore in viciousness, yet shows the go about just like a shared action between the individuals partaking. In my view, to additionally partition sex entertainment, it is conceivable to separate it into much less complex classifications: delicate and in-your-face erotic entertainment. In-your-face erotic entertainment is a blend of the explicitly express and brutal and the explicitly unequivocal and peaceful, however subjecting and dehumanizing classifications,

Catcher In The Rye-Symbolism Essays - Literary Realism,

Catcher In The Rye-Symbolism Catcher in the Rye Imagery The Catcher in the Rye, by JD Salinger, is a showcase of characters and episodes depicted through the eyes of an adolscent. Holden Caulfield, the principle character has been uncovered in the main individual view in an extraordinary account of an adolescent kid who shapes a change into adulthood. Holden sees the world as a malevolent and degenerate spot where there is no virtue and that people on the planet get a quality known as fake. All through the novel, Holden Caulfield alludes to the states of the general public he lives in and manages his inside undertakings and his outward conditions. The setting of the book which is fluctuated, carries the peruser to the end that it happens in a psycotherapy meeting. Knowing this data, permits the peruser to comprehend thiat his story is being expressed through Holden's psyche, which is basic to know because of the way that Holden may not give genuine data dependent on his perceptions also, presumptions towards society. In spite of the fact that Holden contradicts against society's fakes, he needs sympathy and kinship. A case of Holden's requirement for association is the point at which he says, I kind of miss everyone I delineated for you. Indeed, even old Stradlater and Ackley, for example. I think I miss even that goddam Maurice. In spite of Holden's scorn towards society, he can be viewed as normal for the explanation that he stands against the bogus measures and lip service society acknowledges. In spite of the fact that Holden might presumably want to acknowledge the way that the world is an easeful spot, he can't imagine that his general public is beneficial. All through the book, Holden appeared to be slacked behnd in his feelings and his responses to other people. Allie, who is Holden's more youthful sibling passed on of leukemia at a more youthful age and has appeared to have fashioned an enormous imprint in Holden's life inwardly. From the day that Allie passed on, it was the start of Holden's dismissal of society and the clear vision of Allie obliterated. Holden needs to interface with Allie and does as such by wearing on a red chasing cap which is an association with his sibling's red hair and keeps him dry in the tempest. The top permits him to feel excluded from society and keeps Allie's memory held. Asecond type of Allie's association with him is the catcher's glove, which is a baseball glove and an image of the title known as the Cathcher in the Rye. The catcher's glove can connote that Allie is Holden's catcher, protecting him. In spite of the fact that Holden thinks back over the loss of his sibling Allie, it appears that Sali nger has brought back the attributes and characteristics into a kin of Holden's known as Phoebe. Holden now realizes that he should turn into the catcher in the rye. He feels that he has a duty after sparing the youngsters from tumbling off the precipice and into losing their honesty. Holden needs to shield the defenseless and from being ruined by society as they grow up. Holden sees himself as powerless on occasion as well, when he take a gander at the ducks and ponders himself that he has no bearing throughout everyday life and that it ought to stay consistent. In spite of the fact that Holden has all the earmarks of being endeavoring his irregular undertaking similar to the catcher in the rye, he comprehends that his fantasy is ridiculous. When Holden is watching his sister, Phoebe, on the carrousel, he comprehends acknowledges the truth of life. He watches Phoebe, on the carrousel whoch is adulthood and thinks about the pony as confidence, expectation and love lastly the gold ring which is the finish of the precipice, to which the closer ypu get, the closer you fall. As per the novel, I believed that the closure was unexpected in light of the fact that Caulfield needed to be the catcher yet he was the one truly falling. This is inferred to when he has an inclination that he's venturing into insensibility each time he ventures off of a control close to the end. His sister gets him emblematically by giving him how the amount she adored him when she appears at the historical center with her bag. He realizes that he can't take her with him ou t West, however he can't leave her either. In the end, Holden goes home.

Internship Reflection Paper

Internship Reflection PaperThe idea of doing an internship reflection paper seems to be appealing to many. As a student I found myself being asked about my plan for a paper every month or so. Usually it was someone who had recently graduated and wanted to make sure they wrote something well.After all, the point of an internship is to get on the right track and land a job. Interning for the wrong company could be disastrous to your dream career. Not only does it make you a less than stellar employee, but it could put your hopes of going to college in jeopardy.There are different ways that an intern can do an internship reflection paper. A major concern would be to make sure that they are writing something that would have been acceptable to a company. The other thing that they have to do is make sure that they are not doing it for the wrong reason. Some people do not know what to write and will want to write something that will impress a potential employer.It is important to know if yo u have met the employer before they will be more likely to trust you when they do your initial reception interview. This will go a long way to making you look more prepared. For instance, instead of writing about how excited you are to work for the company just consider how you would feel if you were hired.The typical internship reflection paper should contain information about the company, what you saw in your first day of work, and how you found the work that you did. Also, focus on what you liked about your first few days and what you liked about the work environment. Try to include all of the major aspects that made you feel satisfied about your placement. This will be something that you will remember as a reminder of your internship experience.Internship paper should be short and easy to read. If you take a lot of notes or are writing on a computer, there is no need to write something very long. You should also be able to post it up without the company finding out that you have written a paper. As long as you do not steal any business from them and you make sure to fill out every question, they will know that you are doing a good job.In summary, the key to being successful with your internship reflection paper is to write it quickly and make sure that you have a good record of not stealing business. The worst thing that could happen is that you forget what you wrote. Being able to change your mind and get it right is a key to success.One of the main things to keep in mind is that you should also keep your thoughts to yourself. Do not discuss anything about your internship with anyone else unless you are working on getting your resume accepted for the next position. Doing so will make you look more professional.

assignment 8 interest rates and securities - 275 Words

assignment 8 interest rates and securities (Essay Sample) Content: Name Professorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name Course Date Assignment 8 interest rates and securities Governments run a deficit when the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s spending is higher than the tax collection. The government of the United States is one of the many nations that runs a deficit. So, how does the government of the United States finance this deficit? The government finances this deficit by borrowing. The federal government borrows by selling bonds and other financial assets (National Priorities Project). Financial assets are also referred to as securities. By buying bonds from the government, the buyer is lending money to the federal government, which the government is expected to repay to the lender with interest at a later date. The deficit in 2015 was 435 USD billion (McTeer). The government does not offer a standard interest rate on these securities because they are determined by government revenue and the government spending. The interest rate is agreed upon during the purchase of the bond. The investor buys a bond at a subsidized price and waits for it to reach its actual value at a later maturity date. The government offers fixed interest rates which offer lenders security of their investments (Money Advice Service). Unlike individual investors, banks can withstand a long maturity period at a low-interest rate since the interest and the safety of the investment are guaranteed. Liquid is cash, or assets that a bank can easily convert into cash to repay creditors and depositors (Farag, Harland and Nixon 201). Liquid, can therefore, refer to the assets that a bank holds as well as the sources of funding that the bank possesses (Farag, Harland and Nixon 205). Liquid helps banks to mitigate certain types of shocks. Liquid provides banks with a buffer during liquidity crises when other sources of funding dry up (Farag, Harland and Nixon 203). They are considered liquid since banks can use them to repay their debt. ..

Code Of Ethics For The Point And Click Corporation

Part: 1 Code of Ethics The code of ethics for the Point and Click Corporation serves as the foundation for the Network Architecture Department’s philosophy. The objective is to achieve the highest level of business standards and professional conduct. The principle of the code of ethics is to classify criteria that the company constructed to promote integrity while complying with protocols and applicable laws. The rationale of the code is to reassure responsible measures and good judgement is executed. The Network Architecture Department has a mandatory set of core ethical codes in place they abide by. These codes positon the employees to commit to the values that influence ethical decision making and support the company’s business standards. Ultimately, the team of department heads and staff members have pledged to be accountable for these essential responsibilities. ï‚ § Perform all professional duties in accordance with applicable protocols and laws with high standards of ethical principles. ï‚ § Design, maintain and secure the system to support the corporation’s financial growth. ï‚ § Reserve the integrity, accessibility and dependability of the system. ï‚ § Maintain all professional affiliations, technical knowledge, certifications, connected skills and update them regularly. ï‚ § Request support or guidance if challenged with a task exceeding a skill level. ï‚ § Uphold a secure, healthy and productive department. ï‚ § Support and communicate with other IT departments to sustain theShow MoreRelatedCode Of Ethics For The Point And Click Corporation1150 Words   |  5 PagesBranch Member of Green Team Part: 1 Code of Ethics The code of ethics for the Point and Click Corporation serves as the foundation for the Network Architecture Department’s philosophy. The objective is to achieve the highest level of business standards and professional conduct. The principle of the code of ethics is to classify criteria that the company constructed to promote integrity while complying with protocols and applicable laws. The rationale of the code is to reassure responsible measuresRead MoreEssay on Mgt 520 Final Exam Study1408 Words   |  6 Pagesare quite interesting and will make the questions flow easily. The questions that follow are then taken from each story. There is a little overlap. Remember questions are scrambled, so while they vary, all TCO’s will be tested. 2. You should click the Save Answers button in the exam frequently. This helps prevent connection timeouts that might occur with certain Internet Service Providers, and also minimizes lost answers in the event of connection problems. If your internet connection doesRead MoreMicrosoft Corporation Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975 to1500 Words   |  6 PagesMicrosoft Corporation Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for Altair 8800. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, that develops, manufactures, licenses, supports and sells computer software, consumer electronics and personal computers and services. Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office suite, and InternetRead MoreEssay on Conducting Business in the US and Globally1239 Words   |  5 Pagesfamiliar with is Apple Inc. I will include an analysis of global economic interdependence and effects of international technology industry practices and agreements. The importance of demographics, physical infrastructure, social responsibility and ethics versus legal obligations of the organizations will be aspects I examine. I will include an analysis of cultural differences, effects of political systems and influences of in ternational relationships, along with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ofRead MoreEssay about Financial Analysis of Priceline2191 Words   |  9 PagesPriceline’s website assisted me with their presentation of financial charts and analysis of them. I found very useful Forbes website, where I was able to find out a lot of information about Priceline and its subsidiaries. Social responsibility and Ethics practiced by Priceline were part of the research and its website was very useful in my research. Also the textbook helps me with basic concepts and, played an important role in finding information. Yahoo and Google were the search engines that I widelyRead MoreLeg 500 Complete Course Leg500 Complete Course Essay2942 Words   |  12 PagesLEG 500 Complete Course LEG500 Complete Course Click Link for the Answer: http://workbank247.com/q/leg-500-complete-course-leg500-complete-course/25263 http://workbank247.com/q/leg-500-complete-course-leg500-complete-course/25263 LEG 500 Week 1 Discussion Ethics, Corporate Governance, and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)  Ã‚  Please respond to the following: * From the e-Activity, determine the ethical theory or theories (from Chapter 1 of the textbook) that best support(s) the B-corp conceptRead MoreProposal to Zilack Board of Directors4650 Words   |  19 Pagesand Operations – Chad Leibe Human Resources Manager – Lenora Box November 19, 2010 Introduction Zilack Corporation is a medium-sized manufacturing company with 250 employees. It directly markets one product: the Zilack coffee cup with a patented ball bearing sliding mechanism. James Jr. and a group of 15 other executives run the company. Zilack Corporation has just received a large sum of money from a venture capitalist. The venture capitalist and James Jr. are predictingRead MoreContract and Electronic Reserve Readings. Essay2348 Words   |  10 Pageslegal system, common law and its development, organizational structures, and the regulatory environment pertinent to business. Students will learn to critically examine torts, crimes, and business ethics. They will also examine contracts; business associations including agencies, partnerships, and corporations; wills, estates, trusts, and other legal entities; securities regulations; and investor protections. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding andRead MoreCorporate Responsibility And Marketing Strategies2769 Words   |  12 Pageslaws and regulation of local as well as international laws. Apple asserts a code of ethics and standards for their suppliers and ensures that their suppliers fulfill the standards of Apple (McKenzie, 2012). They have implemented extensive staff training programs not only for their workers but also for the suppliers and assisting them in improving their processes and technology. Determine the Impact That the Publication of Ethics and Social Responsibilities Violations Made by Apple’s Suppliers Has HadRead MoreEssay1805 Words   |  8 Pages | |Dr. Wicker has been teaching at numerous colleges and universities since 1999. In his current position as a full-time professor at | |Brazosport College, his areas of concentration are organizational behavior, business ethics, operations management, quality management, | |international management, and information technology management. / (Author of Goal Setting Published 2008) and (Motivation: An interactive | |guide Published 2009) and (Attitude is # 1 Published

Fossil Fuels And Renewable Energy Essay - 1121 Words

Finding energy sources is an issue that polarizes scientists, politicians and citizens alike. The most critical points of this debate are at fossil fuels and renewable energy. Energy efficiency is arguably the most dire concern facing the planet, because it significantly impacts all areas of everyday life. Common ground can be found in this controversy because both parties do agree that humans have a responsibility to future generations. That responsibility is to preserve the resources of the Earth, while offering this generation energy that is affordable and accessible. Many people contend that fossil fuels, while being the most cost effective source of energy, have detrimental effects on the environment. Others argue that fossil fuels have little negative environmental impact and that producing alternative energy is too economically prohibitive to be feasible. In 2010, the Gallup Poll conducted a national poll that found half of the Americans surveyed favored expanding energy production via fossil fuels even if it harms the environment. This was the case in nearly every major demographic subgroup, although self-identified liberals remained constant in supporting environmental protection as the higher priority (McDermott). Of these two types of energy production, fossil fuels like oil, gas, and coal make up about ninety percent of the world’s energy usage. Nuclear power takes up five percent of this equation, with the remaining renewable energy resources splittingShow MoreRelatedRenewable Energy : Fossil Fuels1863 Words   |  8 Pages  Contents Introduction 2 Fossil fuels and how much they generate 2 Advantages of fossil fuels 4 Disadvantages of fossil energy 4 Renewable energy  and how they are generated 5 Advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy 6 Conclusion 7 References 8 Introduction Renewable energy is currently one of the most preferred energy sources worldwide. Over the past few decades, there has been a raging debate on the capacity of renewable energy to meet the needs of the society. DespiteRead MoreRenewable Energy : Fossil Fuels1808 Words   |  8 Pages Today, most of our energy comes from burning fossil-fuels such as coal and oil. There some inherent problems in basing the entire world s energy supply upon that kind of fuel, such as the fact that fossil-fuels are nonrenewable and will eventually run out. Burning fossil-fuels also produces copious amounts of pollution that is both harmful to the Earth and to humans. Although alternative forms of producing energy are not as efficient as nonrenewable methods, they are a lot more stable and reliableRead MoreFossil Fuels And Renewable Energy1947 Words   |  8 PagesFrom Fossil Fuels to Renewable Energy Corey Hnat ENC 1102 Professor Hardwick 14 September, 2014 Our society today thrives off of energy consumption in order to carry out daily activities. Since the second and third centuries people have been using fossil fuel for heat and energy. In the 1700s, the use for coal really took off when it was found out that it could be used as a source of energy to create the energy needed to drive locomotives. As each new invention that needed power came into existenceRead MoreRenewable Energy Sources For Fossil Fuels1240 Words   |  5 Pagesas fossil fuels in order to provide us energy. Almost everything we use nowadays consumes power in some form, and in tandem we rely on energy. Fossil fuels have become the go to resource for providing power. Fossil fuels include natural resources such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. These fossil fuels fall under the non-renewable category because they take thousands of years in order to form naturally and cannot be replaced as fast as they are being consumed. Another non-renewable energy sourceRead MoreF ossil Fuels Vs. Renewable Energy Essay967 Words   |  4 Pageswider in various fields. And mainly used input for this engines are fossil fuels. But the challenge in this is decreasing rate of resources. The fossil fuels may not be available after some years if they used in the same way .Not only the fossil but also the electric power is the non renewable energy, This paper concentrates to run the engine without fossil fuels or electricity. Keywords – IC Engines, fossil fuels , non renewable energy I. INTRODUCTION In today’s motorized life , It’s difficult toRead MoreFossil Fuels Vs. Renewable Energy1693 Words   |  7 PagesFossil fuels have been essential in the development of most industrial nations, there are a few realities of using them that these societies needs to come to terms with and they are most importantly the fact that these fossil fuels are finite and that they are detrimental to the health of our planet. With the growing need for our planet to steer away from the burning of fossil fuels, it has become inherent that we are very reliant on the burning of them to supply our energy demand, so much that itRead MoreReplacing Fossil Fuels With Renewable Energy1931 Words   |  8 PagesReplacing Fossil Fuels with Renewable Energy Josh Decker Edina High School  Abstract Over the past several years, scientists have researched the impact fossil fuels currently have on our world today. These sources of energy have an irreversible and devastating consequence on our environment. Fossil fuels are disliked due to being non-renewable and unsustainable. As more technological advancements have occurred, more efforts have arisen related to replacing fossil fuels with renewable sourcesRead MoreCivic Engagement: Fossil Fuels and Renewable Energy1631 Words   |  6 PagesEnergy production has always been a hot topic in the United States. More specifically, Oklahoma has been on the forefront of energy production. Oklahoma is viewed as a front runner in the energy industry, and the United States is always turning to Oklahoma when in need of creating new sources of energy; an example being compressed natural gas. The United States hopes to influence the nation to climb aboard the train that leads to reliable sources of energy by generating new public policies. Many Read MoreRenewable Energy Is The Best Alternative For Fossil Fuel Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesOut line: Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. Before this fossil fuel most percentage of usage to generating electricity and they are the main reason for the greenhouse gases and they are exhaustible as well. Renewable energy is the best alternative for fossil fuel because of the minimum pollution impact, endless characteristic, there are too many type of renewable energy technologies which will be used in different places with different climate, it is depends onRead MoreFossil Fuels Are A Non Renewable Source Of Energy1635 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"86% of the energy the USA uses comes from fossil fuels like petroleum and coal that provide electricity and gas to power our growing energy needs.† Fossil fuels are a non-renewable source of energy, meaning that we will eventually run out one day in the near future. When we drive our cars to work, taking long showers, and leaving the lights on, we usually don’t realize how much of our resources we are using. Fossil Fuels, Power Plants and Fracking cause many of our environmental problems that the

Alicia Stott Mathematician

Dates:  June 8, 1860 - December 17, 1940 Occupation:  mathematician Also known as:  Alicia Boole Alicias Family Heritage and Childhood Alicia Boole Stotts mother was Mary Everest Boole (1832 - 1916), daughter of a rector, Thomas Everest, and his wife, Mary, whose family included several accomplished and educated men.   She was herself well-educated, at home by tutors, and was well-read. she married the mathematician George Boole (1815 - 1864), for whom Boolean logic is named. Mary  Boole attended some of her husbands lectures and helped him with his textbook on differential equations, published in 1859. George Boole was teaching at Queens College in Cork, Ireland, when Alicia, their third daughter, was born there in 1860. George Boole died in 1864, leaving Mary Boole to raise their five daughters, the youngest of whom was only six months old.   Mary Boole sent her children to live with relatives and focused on a book about mental health, applying psychic spirituality to mathematics, and published it as her husbands work. Mary Boole continued to write about mysticism and science, and later became known as a progressive educator.   She published several works on how to teach abstract concepts of math and science to children. Alicia lived with her grandmother in England and her great-uncle in Cork for the ten years after her fathers death, then she rejoined her mother and sisters in London. Alicia Boole Stotts Interests In her teens, Alicia Stott became interested in four-dimensional hypercubes, or tesseracts. She became secretary to John Falk, an associate of her brother-in-law, Howard Hinton, who had introduced her to tesseracts. Alicia Stott continued building models of cardboard and wood to represent the three-dimensional sections of four-dimensional convex regular solids, which she named polytopes, and published an article on three-dimensional sections of hypersolids in 1900. In 1890 she married Walter Stott, an actuary. They had two children, and Alicia Stott settled into the role of homemaker until her husband noted that her mathematical interests might also be of interest to the mathematician Pieter Hendrik Schoute at the University of Groningen. After the Stotts wrote to Schoute, and Schoute saw photographs of some models that Alicia Stott had built, Schoute moved to England to work with her.   His side of the collaboration was based on conventional geometric methods, and Alicia Stott contributed insights based on her power of visualizing geometric shapes in four dimensions. Alicia Stott worked on deriving Archimedean solids from Platonic solids. With Schoutes encouragement, she published papers on her own and that the two of them developed together. In 1914, Schoutes colleagues at Groningen invited Alicia Stott to a celebration, planning to award to her an honorary doctorate. But when Schoute died before the ceremony could be held, Alicia Stott returned to her middle class life at home for some years. In 1930, Alicia Stott began collaborating with H. S. M. Coxeter on the geometry of kaleidoscopes. In his publications on the topic, he credited Alicia Stotts role. She also constructed cardboard models of the snub 24-cell. She died in 1940. Alicia Stotts Accomplished Sisters 1. Mary Ellen Boole Hinton:   her grandson, Howard Everest Hinton, was had of the zoology department at University College in Bristol. 2. Margaret Boole Taylor married artist Edward Ingram Taylor and their son was Geoffrey Ingram Taylor, a mathematical physicist. 3. Alicia Stott was the third of the five daughters. 4. Lucy Everest Boole became a pharmaceutical chemist and lecturer in chemistry at the London School of Medicine for women. She was the second woman to pass the major exam at the London School of Pharmacy. Lucy Boole shared a home with her mother until Lucys death in 1904. 5. Ethel Lilian Voynich was herself a novelist. About Alicia Stott Categories: mathematicianPlaces: Cork, Ireland, London, EnglandPeriod: 19th century, 20th century

Southern Dominion Health Systems Invites The Investment...

Grant Purpose Southern Dominion Health Systems invites the investment from the ADA Foundation of $5000.00 to improve the quality of oral health through education in our underserved and vulnerable population of Lunenburg County. This grant will be for a one year period. Problem/Background â€Å"Oral health care is not uniformly attainable across the nation† (Fineberg, H, 2011, p. ix). â€Å"Unfortunately, individuals who face the greatest barriers to care are often among the most vulnerable members of our society† (Yi, G., Logan, H. L., Dodd, V. J., Muller, K. E., Marks, J. G., Riley III, J. L. 2014). It has been said that low health literacy may be associated with barriers to accessing care and with oral health behaviors such as seeking preventive care (Ratzan S, Parker R., 2000). It has also been suggested that those with low health literacy are at highest risk for oral diseases and problems (Horowitz, A., Kleinman D., 2012). â€Å"The impact of unmet oral health care needs is magnified by the well-established connection between oral health and overall health† (Fineberg, H. 2011, p. ix). Oral health status is linked with general health, as evidenced by the association between poor oral health and chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease. Poor oral hygiene can also lead to other health issues such as, oral facial pain and digestive problems. â€Å"The silent epidemic of oral diseases disproportionately affects disadvantaged communities,

Shakespeares Sonnet 18 - 1392 Words

In Sonnet 18, Shakespeare shows his audience that his love will be preserved through his eternal lines of poetry by comparing his love and poetry with a summers day. Shakespeare then uses personification to emphasize these comparisons and make his theme clearer to his audience. Shakespeare also uses repetition of single words and ideas throughout the sonnet in order to stress the theme that his love and poetry are eternal, unlike other aspects of the natural world. Using the devices of metaphor, personification, repetition, and progression of tone, Shakespeare reveals his theme that the natural world is imperfect and transitory while his love is made eternal through his lines of poetry. Shakespeare uses metaphors to show one object†¦show more content†¦For instance, the word time itself is repeated three times, while the idea of time is used repetitively throughout the sonnet. For example, with the lines rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, Shakespeare suggests that just as the summer progresses and the winds shakes the buds of May, life progresses as youth fades and aging occurs. The key word in this quote is bud because the bud signifies youth, and by these buds being shaken, the idea of youth departing is shown. Shakespeare further stresses the idea of time, in his lines and summers lease hath all too short a date, Shakespeare uses the idea that life is too short in order to emphasize the fact that, unlike other things in life, his love will never end because his words will never be forgotten. Again, Shakespeare speaks of the progression of time when he mentions the summer suns gold complexion often being dimmed. Shakespeare uses this idea of di mming and death in order to show his audience once again that his love and his eternal lines of poetry will never be dimmed as the summer sun is. Shakespeare also changes the tone as the sonnet progresses. The sonnet begins with a very pleasant tone, continues to change to become more depressing, and then progresses to become pleasant once again. The pleasantShow MoreRelatedDicussion of the Purpose of Shakespeares Sonnet 181129 Words   |  5 Pages Shakespeares collection of sonnets is heralded as one of the greatest, most ambitious sonnet collections in English literature. Of these154 sonnets, the first 126 of them are addressed to a fair youth, a beatiful young man, with whom Shakespeare has developed an intimate friendship. The overarching theme of devotion in antimony to mortality denotes that â€Å"Sonnet 18† is predominantly a love poem. Accordingly the purpose of the poem seems initially to be to compare his beloved friends handsomnessRead MoreEssay about William Shakespeares Sonnet 18924 Words   |  4 Pagesalive is not easy. One knows that life eventually comes to an end, but does love? Time passes and days must end. It is in Sonnet 18, by Shakespeare, that we see a challenge to the idea that love is finite. Shakespeare shows us how some love is eternal and will live on forever in comparison to a beautiful summers day. Shakespeare has a way of keeping love alive in Sonnet 18, and he uses a variety of techni ques to demonstrate how love is more brilliant and everlasting than a summers day. TheRead MoreLove in Shakespeares Sonnets 18 and 130 Essay703 Words   |  3 PagesAlmost four hundred years after his death, William Shakespeares work continues to live on through his readers. He provides them with vivid images of what love was like during the 1600s. Shakespeare put virtually indescribable feelings into beautiful words that fit the specific form of the sonnet. He wrote 154 sonnets; all of which discuss some stage or feature of love. Love was the common theme during the time Shakespeare was writing. However, Shakespeare wrote about it in such a way that captivatedRead More Immortality Through Verse in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 and Spenser’s Sonnet 751681 Words   |  7 PagesImmortality Through Verse in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 and Spenser’s Sonnet 75  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Desiring fame, celebrity, and importance, people for centuries have yearned for the ultimately unattainable goal of immortality. Poets, too, have expressed desires in verse that their lovers remain as they are for eternity, in efforts of praise. Though Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 and Spenser’s Sonnet 75 from Amoretti both offer lovers this immortality through verse, only Spenser pairs this immortality with respectRead MoreEssay Shakespeares Sonnet 18823 Words   |  4 Pages During the Renaissance period, most poets were writing love poems about their lovers/mistresses. The poets of this time often compared love to high, unrealistic, and unattainable beauty. Shakespeare, in his sonnet 18, continues the tradition of his time by comparing the speakers love/mistress to the summer time of the year. It is during this time of the year that the flowers and the nature that surround them are at there peak for beauty. The theme of the poem is to show the speakers true interpretationRead More A Comparison of Shakespeares Sonnet 18 and Duffys Valentine646 Words   |  3 PagesA Comparison of Shakespeares Sonnet 18 and Duffys Valentine Shakespears attitude towards his lover is she is superior to the summer and very beautiful Shall I compare thee to a summers day? This show Shakespeare is thinking about comparing her to the summer but then he gives examples of how she is better than the summer. He says she is lovelier than the summer Thou art more lovely and more temperate. He then goes on to say Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May Read MoreDifferent Versions Of Shall I Compare Thee And A Summer s Day?967 Words   |  4 Pagesof Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day? William Shakespeare was the original author of the famous sonnet â€Å"Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?†. Shakespeare’s intentions for writing this poem was to compare his beloved to a Summer’s Day. Shakespeare wrote and published this original version of Sonnet 18 in 1609, but was rewritten in the early 1900’s by Howard Moss. Shakespeare s sonnets were published only once in his lifetime. For nearly two centuries after their first appearance, in theRead MoreThe Foundation Of Image : William Shakespeare1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe Foundation of Image William Shakespeare is one of the most known writers not only of his time period, but to this day. He is known for the 37 plays he wrote and his 154 sonnets which are often recreated and studied today. Reading can seem very monotonous and boring if you’re not impacted by the text. A writer has to lay a foundation to pull their reader in and paint an imaginative picture in their reader’s head in order to bring a story to life. William Shakespeare was nowhere shy of doing theseRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Sonnet 130 1048 Words   |  5 Pages 2015 Sonnet 130 Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 130† uses imagery to compare his lover to other objects in order to convey his true feelings towards his mistress. With this idea, one can make the assumption that Shakespeare’s argument is accepting the normality of women by understanding that they don’t all look like supermodels or goddesses. His views about his mistress can relate to how present day men look at their significant other. Shakespeare’s view towards women shifts between his sonnets. ComparingRead MoreResearch Paper on Shakespeare1586 Words   |  7 Pagesstyle, mysterious life and amazingly written sonnets make him the most studied and analyzed men to ever walk the planet. William Shakespeare, born in Stratford-upon-Avon, he was baptized on April 26th 1564, but his actual birth date is unknown. Shakespeare was the third child of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. William had two older sisters, Judith and Joan, and three younger brothers, Richard, Gilbert and Edmund. Not a lot is known of Shakespeare’s childhood, which is part of the reason everyone

Australian Taxation Law Tax Casebook

Question: Discuss about the Australian Taxation Law for Tax Casebook. Answer: 1. Hilary, a well- known mountain climber has received an offer from a daily terror newspaper to write a story about her mountain climber journey. For this, the newspaper has offered a value of $10,000 along with all the respective copyrights. Hilary accepted the offer without any further conditions. After some time, when the written work of the story was completed, Hilary provided the book with the copyrights to the newspaper and received $10,000. She had provided the manuscript of the story and expedition photographs to the Mitchell Library in $5,000 and $2,000 respectively. The issue is to determine the nature of the income received, whether the received income would be coming from personal exertion. The law states that to determine the tax implications on received income, the best possible way is to examine the nature of the received receipts. If the received income is capital in nature, then these receipts would not be taxed under tax law. However, in capital receipts case, a different method is followed to determine the tax treatment i.e. Capital Gains Tax (CGT) as per the Section 10-5 (Barkoczy, 2015). If the nature of the received receipts is revenue receipts, then the tax treatment is applied according to the ordinary income as per the Section of 6-5. Any income coming from personal exertion would be considered as revenue receipts, because it is coming from either business activity or employment (Gilders et. al, 2015). The central question that arises in this case, is to determine whether the copyrights would be considered as capital asset or receipts from personal exertion. For clarity on this issue, the Brent v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation(1971) 125 CLR 418 case is taken into consideration. In this particular case, Mrs Briggs who was a wife of a famous robber had made an agreement with some of the journalist to narrate them, the story about the relationship with her husband. Fourfive days were consumed in the procedure of story narration to the journalist. The newspaper did not make the full payment offered to Mrs Briggs. However, this resulted in a dispute with the tax authorities with regards to the nature of income and hence the case came before the court (Gupta, 2009). The central objective of the case became to find the nature of the received income. The court provided the judgement, that the nature of the received income would be treated as capital income, because the concerned taxpayer had revealed the facts to the various journalists about her relation with her husband, who was basically involved in a famous robbery. To make this story authorised, she had also mentioned her signature on every page of the story written by the journalist. The real asset possessed by Mrs. Briggs was the secret information which acted as made a legal consideration between Mrs Briggs and journalist. Further, the secret information was termed as the capital asset and hence held not liable for taxation. However, the same would be levied capital gains (CCH, 2012). Now taking the reference of the above case, it can be assumed that the primary asset for the newspaper was the information about her personal life, which would be considered as a capital asset. In this case, Hilary had shared these facts and experiences in the written format with the journalist and also she had authorized the terror newspaper to take the copyrights for the same, also the amount received by providing the manuscript and photographs would also be termed as capital asset. These are all incidental to the information provided and the neither photography nor writing is the main profession of Hilary. Thus, the compensation has actually been made for the information only and hence amounts to only realisation of the capital asset. Thus, all the income i.e. $ 17,000 would be termed as capital receipts and would only be subject to the aegis of Capital Gains Tax. In the given case, even if Hilary would have written the story driven by solely personal satisfaction, then also there would be no difference in the stance as the intent to profit is not pivotal in this case. This is because there is essentially a transfer of capital asset which is already present and need not be earned through indulging in any activity (Woellner, 2013). 2. In this particular case, the taxpayer had provided a lump sum amount of $40,000 to her son in order to resolve the financial crisis. Her son had made a promise that he would pay this amount within five years. In this case, no agreement was enacted between the mother and the son and mother had no intent of receiving any interest on the principal extended. The lump sum amount of $ 40,000 was returned by his son in two years, along with the interest amount of two years i.e. $4,000. Therefore, the aim is to ascertain the tax implications of the incremental $ 4,000 received by the mother over and above $ 40,000. Ideally, interest received on securities, bank accounts and money lending business falls within the purview of ordinary income as defined in Section 6(5). It is not an imperative condition that interest payment should be regular and interest could be paid with the principal amount in a single transaction at the end. This would not result in escaping of tax liability (Barkoczy, 2013). It is apparent that the concerned taxpayer did not run any business activity of money trading and the amount of $40,000 was given to her son without the enactment of the routine legal documentation and collateral demands that are characteristic of lending transactions. Further, the lack of intention on mothers part to earn interest indicates that this was not a commercial transaction but arose out of benefaction. The payment of incremental $ 4,000 to the mother was a gift from the son in accordance with the tax ruling TR 2005/13 (ATO, 2013). This is because there was ownership transfer of money from the son to the mother, which was essentially voluntary and driven by benefaction and not for deriving any significant or insignificant future favours. Hence, out of total sum of $ 44,000 received, $ 40,000 would be exempt from tax on account of being capital receipts while the remaining $ 4,000 would not attract any tax burden as it is a gift. 3. With regards to computation of capital gains that are taxable, two options are available for an individual taxpayer (Woellner, 2013). Discount method which offers a 50% discount on the long term capital gains Indexation method which makes asset cost base adjustments in line with inflation figures to decrease the CGT (Capital Gains Tax) liability. Part a) As per the information provided, Sale proceeds from property (Land + House) = $ 800,000 But the land component was acquired before September 20, 1985 and thus would not attract any CGT liability. The tax burden would be limited only to the house component which can be derived as shown below (Gilders et. al., 2015). Total cost of property at the time of construction = 90000(Land) + 60000(House) Hence, percentage contribution of house to the property = (60000/150000)*100 = 40% Thus, only 40% of the total sales proceeds of the property would attract CGT Selling price of property (CGT applicable) = (40/100)* 800000 = $ 320,000 Realisable capital gains = Selling price Cost base = 320000 60000 = $ 240,000 Taxable capital gains after 50% discount in accordance with the discount method of computation = 0.5*240,000 = $ 120,000 The computation as per the indexation method is shown below (Woellner, 2013). The CPI (Consumer Price Index) has increased from 43.2 in 1986 to 68.72 in 1999. As a result, indexation factor can be computed as 68.72/43.2 = 1.59 Construction cost adjusted for indexation = 60000*1.59 = $ 95,400 Net capital gains subject to CGT = 320000 95400 = $ 224,600 The above computation of net taxable capital gains using both stated method clearly suggest that Scott as a rational taxpayer would choose the discount method since it would lead to lesser burden of tax in the form of CGT. Part b) The given situation considers that Scott has sold the property to her daughter at a price of $ 200,000. Due to underlying relationship of benefaction between buyer and seller, for computation of capital gains, Section 116-30(2), ITAA 1997 needs to be applied. In accordance with this section, the capital gains must be computed taking into consideration the higher of the given two values i.e. the actual selling price and the existing market value of asset (Austlii, 2016). In the given case, this amounts to taking the higher of $ 200,000 and $ 800,000. As a result, the capital gains in this case also would tend to remain the same as in previous case. Part c) In this case, the property owner instead of being an individual taxpayer now is a company. The discount method for taxable capital gains computation is not available for companies and hence now, the indexation method needs to be adopted (Woellner, 2013). In accordance with the indexation method, the net capital gains subject to CGT is $ 224,000 as computed in part (a). References ATO 2013, Taxation Ruling:TR 2005/13, Australian Taxation Office, Available online from https://www.ato.gov.au/law/view/document?DocID=TXR/TR200513/NAT/ATO/00001 (Accessed on August 22, 2016) Austlii 2016, INCOME TAX ASSESSMENT ACT 1997 - SECT 116.30, Austlii Website, Available online from https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/itaa1997240/s116.30.html (Accessed on August 22, 2016) Barkoczy, S. 2015. Australian tax casebook. CCH Publications, Sydney CCH 2012, Australian Master Tax Guide 2012, 50th eds., Wolters Kluwer , Sydney Gilders, F, Taylor, J, Walpole, M, Burton, M. Ciro, T 2015, Understanding taxation law 2015, 8th eds., LexisNexis/Butterworths. Gupta, R. 2009. Receipts from Personal Exertion: Mere Gifts or Gross Income?, Auckland University o Technology, Available online from https://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10292/735/GuptaR.pdf?sequence=5 (Accessed on August 22, 2016) Woellner, R 2013, Australian taxation law 2012, 6th eds., CCH Australia, North Ryde

Global Warming And Climate Change Essay Example For Students

Global Warming And Climate Change Essay Climate change is one of the favorite topics that occur in almost discussion from political debates to international competitions that have a theme focused on how to improve life on earth. It even became a popular small talk subject. But, despite its popularity, well-argued call to action, valuable insights that esteemed scientists offer to the catastrophe that lies ahead, well-written articles with wide coverage around the world and mandatory climate change essays that any college student was tasked with, at least once, people seem to still not fully grasp how prompt all of us need to make a shift in the way we take care of our Earth. Outline1 What does climate change consist of?2 Causes of climate alterations3 The effects of global warming4 Taking action5 Conclusion What does climate change consist of? Before making an introduction to the means at hand to avoid this and the specific assignment each has, in order to protect the earth, we should fully grasp the meaning of this concept. The popular belief is that the notion appeared when factories were invented and polluted the atmosphere, making the temperatures begin rising, thus creating a general warming of the planet. This picture has some truth to it but is not quite accurate. Climate changes have always been a part of earth’s history, and went both ways, from the warming of the planet to its abrupt cooling, as when the famous Ice Age happened. They have been determined by various factors, mostly natural, up until some hundred years ago, when human activities started grossly influencing the outcome. The concern has indeed begun and gradually increased since the Industrial Revolution, given that temperatures have risen from that time, with a worrisome 0.85 degrees Celsius. Causes of climate alterations We can identify some of the natural phenomena that affect global warming, and the most obvious examples are volcano eruptions and the melting of snow on large areas that are normally covered by it. So, the volcanoes release into the atmosphere, along with lava and ash, sulfur dioxide, which acts indirectly as one of the greenhouse gases, by keeping the heat from the solar radiation to be released out to space. The same happens when snow and ice melt and less energy is reflected into space. But when it comes to determining which factors have the greatest effect, there is no competition between the natural ones and those inflicted by human activities. Although the greenhouse gases exist naturally in the atmosphere, human activities have determined the large increase of some, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, and methane, being the most harmful. Burning fossil fuel, petroleum and gases generate the most carbon dioxide. Cutting off woods on a large scale, especially rainforests, contribute to the release of carbon dioxide back in the atmosphere accentuating the hothouse effect. Also, agriculture enhances the number of nitrous oxides in the air, through the use of nitrous based fertilizers. Farm animals release, as a result of their digestive system, quantities of methane gas which can become considerable if we’re talking about large farms. The effects of global warming Various scientific articles offer valuable well-researched insights on the devastating consequences, as well as projections of earth’s future. Some examples of the outcomes to be expected due to these changes: Melting of the icecap and glaciers that lead to the increase of the sea and ocean level, which can then turn into flooding of the coastal regions, as well as below the waterline regions. Extreme weather phenomena. For example, a change in the precipitations regimen, which manifest through torrential rainfalls, that produce flooding and a decrease in the quality of water. Health hazards, as the inconsistent weather, unusual to some regions, could be the reason for an increase in heath caused deaths Increase in social and economic costs. High levels of heath or intense rainfalls, present great disadvantages in fields such as agriculture, electricity production or tourism with a direct financial impact in the economy of underdeveloped countries. The survival of many animal or plant species is affected by climate change. Those that aren’t able to quickly adapt to these alterations of their living environment face a speedy extinction. Also, a massive migratory tendency can be observed as animals travel away from the arid regions. As well as plant species, which seem to intertwine on different altitudes, where they weren’t usually found. .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5 , .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5 .postImageUrl , .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5 , .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5:hover , .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5:visited , .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5:active { border:0!important; } .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5:active , .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5 .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ued79a69dfbc7f69534c711e88acbddc5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Swimming And Biomechanics EssayTaking action No climate change essay can make people really see the urgency to act in a prompt manner, no matter how explicit it states the causes or the gruesome outcome they lead to. But this is still one of the priority topics of organizations around the globe that have understood the importance of preserving the conditions that can sustain life on Earth. For example, the EU developed various on-going policies towards adaptation to climate changes, with quantifiable measures and very clearly stated assignments for each member, planned up until 2050. Their thesis statement is centered on anticipating and then preventing the damage that these modifications inflict upon the environment and human lives. Some of the measures that are going to be implemented include: More efficient use of water, especially in places where this resource has become insufficient. Reevaluating building codes in order to prevent the impact of extreme meteorological phenomena on living conditions. Creating more appropriate dikes to the increase of sea and ocean levels and developing alternate flood defenses. Making use of the advantages of developing and using species of plants that are resistant to drought and arid terrain. Industrial relegations oriented specifically towards gradually reducing greenhouse gases emission into the atmosphere. Conclusion Life on Earth is hard enough without wondering whether or not we’ll have living conditions the years to come. But, from a socially responsible point of view, if we want humanity to continue existing, we need to stop stating solely in theory what needs to be done and actually start making changes towards improving conditions that affect us all.

How to Write a Persuasive Essay

How to Write a Persuasive EssayIf you want to learn how to write a persuasive essay, then you need to know how to make use of the short sample persuasive essay. People who use this type of essay will be able to demonstrate that they are someone who is successful in various situations and therefore they will be able to effectively persuade other people. Because these people will be able to successfully persuade others, they will be able to get better jobs, and they will also be able to be hired by the firms that are looking for people to fill vacancies in their firms.Writing a persuasive essay does not take a lot of time but there are still certain techniques that should be learned when writing a persuasive essay. When writing a persuasive essay, it is important to make sure that the essay is conversational and not formal. By making use of casual language, you can easily communicate your opinions. Moreover, you can convince other people with the words that you use because casual langu age is more appealing to other people.When writing a short sample persuasive essay, you should always remember that you should be concise and to the point. You should focus on the main point and then work on the rest of the sentences. In addition, you should be very precise about what you are trying to convey with your essay. The essay should also be clear in its terms so that the reader would be able to understand everything you are trying to say.When you are writing a persuasive essay, you should also be careful about how you use the sentence structure. You should be very aware about this because when you are able to use the right order in your sentences, you will be able to convert people's thoughts into the desired directions. It will be easier for you to convince people if you know how to use proper sentence structure.There are certain tools that you can use when writing a persuasive essay. You can use pictures and graphs, but the most effective tools that you can use our numbe rs and charts. For example, you can use graphs and diagrams to prove that you have enough information in order to persuade other people to buy the product that you are selling.When writing a persuasive essay, you should also be very cautious about the language that you use. You should never use slang because they will be very hard to read for other people. When you are trying to convince other people, you should try to use words that they can easily understand. In addition, you should also avoid using profanity and swear words.You should also be careful about the style that you use when writing a persuasive essay. You should avoid using English colloquialisms and you should be very careful about the punctuation that you use. Most importantly, you should always try to use formal language when writing a persuasive essay.These are some of the tricks that you can use when writing a persuasive essay. You should also remember that persuasive writing is just like writing other types of ess ays. You can use the strategies that you learned when writing a persuasive essay and you should be able to convince other people to follow your opinions.

Life After Death - Robert Frost And Emily Dickinson Essays

Life After Death - Robert Frost And Emily Dickinson Life After Death Robert Frost and Emily Dickinson are two Modern American Poets who consistently wrote about the theme of death. While there are some comparisons between the two poets, when it comes to death as a theme, their writing styles were quite different. Robert Frost's poem, ?Home Burial,? and Emily Dickinson's poems, ?I felt a Funeral in my Brain,? and ?I died for Beauty,? are three poems concerning death. While the theme is constant there are differences as well as similarities between the poets and their poems. The obvious comparison between the three poems is the theme of death. Both poets, in these works and many others, display a fascination with the death of themselves as well as the death of peers, and loved ones. Both Frost and Dickinson experienced a great deal of death throughout each of their lives. Frost's greatest loss was the death of his son, which is greatly depicted in his poem ?Home Burial.? Dickinson suffered the loss of many friends and family. She spent a lot of her time in her room looking out upon the headstones of these people. The only strong comparison between the poets, in terms of structure and technique, is that the meaning of their poems run much deeper then the specific words on a page. Even this can come as a contrast when looking at these three poems. ?Home Burial,? by Frost is a fairly straightforward poem, written in dialogue, with the writer working as the narrator. The poem is about a married couple dealing with the recent death of their son, who the husband had to bury in their own backyard. It is a considerably long poem, which doesn't require one to read between the lines. Where as ?I felt a Funeral in my Brain,? and ?I died for Beauty,? by Dickinson are considerably short poems, in which she seals as much as she reveals. Emily Dickinson's poetry was not that of any traditional style. She was criticized for capitalizing words in the middle of sentences, using inexact rhymes and only giving a partial understanding. She loved to use ellipses, in order to let the reader finish a thought. Many of these were actually eliminated in many of her first publications, which were never published until after her death. In the two poems, ?I felt a Funeral in my Brain,? and ?I died for Beauty? all of these characteristics are present, including her usual four line stanzas in the meter of traditional hymns. Written in first person, ?I felt a Funeral in my Brain? is about the thought of her own funeral. Imagining what is would be like in the coffin, where only the sense of sound is present. The last word of the poem is then-?, a classic example of an ellipse, where the reader is left to finish the poem on their own. ?I died for Beauty also ends with an ellipse. The poem is about two dead people, herself and another ma n, resting side by side, buried underground. Like ?Home Burial,? by Frost, this was written in dialogue with the writer as the narrator. One died for Beauty and one for truth. Although it seemed as though they died for an important cause, with time their names will be forgotten. Unlike Dickinson, Robert Frost wrote in a traditional style. ?Home Burial,? like many of his poems, was written in iambic pentameter, giving five beats per line. Using iambic pentameter gives the poem a monotone, rhythmic feel. Because the poem reads very rhythmically, the seriousness of the poem is exaggerated. This dramatically differs from the two poems by Dickinson. Emily Dickinson's poems, though just as serious, come across quite a bit lighter then ?Home Burial.? The structure of her poems gives a riddle-like effect. The difference in length between the poems changes the mood as well. In Frost's poem the thought of death is drawn out simply by the length of the poem, where as the abruptness of Dickinson's poems give a much lighter feel. Another difference between Robert Frost and Emily Dickinson's poems is the perspective taken by the poet. In ?Home Burial? there is mourning over the loss of a son.

The unemployment crisis in Mexico essays

The unemployment crisis in Mexico essays In Central America one of the most crucial economic problems is the gap between the poor and rich class. The middle class in their economy has not yet been strengthening by facilitating transactions and making credit and other financial products available. In a sense, creating strong incentives for investment can create a better productivity instead of just spending millions of dollars in new technology without first not knowing how to fully employ it. In Addition, different factors can increase economic growth for Central America, and the better financial access their citizens will have the better employment rate they will have. Economic growth is indeed caused by improvements of quantity and quality of the factors of production that a country can provide. Therefore, for Central America needs better production quantity and quality that only the good use of technology will increase their production. Growth is good for Central America with evidence suggesting that ten percent in inco me reduces A better production will indeed require and demand the use of more workers allowing employment for those citizens in Central America that are willing and able to work. The quality of life has decreased because equal opportunity has not been available in the last ten years. Most of the available jobs are part of the agricultural sector which the decrease of quality has increased unemployment rates etc. Economic resources can become scarce, which has been the case for Central America, which means that the scarcity of land in the face of the growing population means that the law of diminishing returns can also become relevant. The basis of argument of Thomas Malthus states that the law of diminishing returns predicts that an increasing amount of labor applied to a fixed quantity of land the marginal productivity of the land therefore will fall. In order to prevent this loss of productivity in the land, a new improvement must be provided which ca...

Disrupting Terror Group Finances to Exploit Weaknesses in Terrorist Research Paper

Disrupting Terror Group Finances to Exploit Weaknesses in Terrorist Organizations - Research Paper Example In most activities, finances or money are often needed. This is not an exception for terrorist organizations that need the financial support of supporters in order to carry out their goals. Based on known accounts, most of their finances come from donations from sympathizers and from their numerous economic enterprises. Since their members, including their donors, are mostly located in different parts of the world, their funds also have to be moved and have to change hands. Where interruptions to the smooth flow of these finances would be interrupted, the terrorist activities would also likely be interrupted. This is the basis of this discussion. It shall discuss the general flow of finances for terrorist organizations, and how disruptions in these finances would impact on the organization itself. It will also discuss whether or not such disruptions would be sufficient in exploiting the weaknesses of terrorist organizations. This paper is being carried out in order to provide readers more specific scenarios on how disruptions on finances impact on terrorist organizations. Terrorists, as in most businesses or other undertakings require funds to operate. These funds are usually allocated to finance payments for operatives, travel expenses, training, forging of documents, bribes, weapons, and suicide attacks (Financial Action Task Force, 2008). Funding for these activities may primarily be allocated for direct operational support and secondly for broader operational activities (FATF, 2008). Direct operational funding usually includes: direct costs of attacks, like bombs, vehicles, maps, and the like; salaries, communications; food and subsistence; training and travel; and logistics or communication (FATF, 2008). The broader allocations include funds allocated for the support of the organization. This may include the recruitment of members, support of complicit charitable organizations and other businesses, including mass media

The Coca-Cola Company Financial Results Analysis Assignment

The Coca-Cola Company Financial Results Analysis - Assignment Example In this project second quarter’s financial results of 2011 have been analyzed. The analysis includes the overall growth of the group, growth in individual markets along with its long term goals and objective. A special analysis has been done on the growth and performance of North American market. Apart from various analyses a comparison has been done between the earning per share of the second quarter with the historic performance. A study has been made on the impact of emerging markets on the long term growth of the company. This project also includes a study on the profitability drivers of the company and their impact on the company’s objective. Accounting Policies The Coca Cola Company follows the US GAAP model for preparing its financial statements. With the information required by GAAP the company also records the non GAAP information which is used to measure the performance of the company more accurately (Coca-Cola Company, 2011, p.12). North American Market The C oca-Cola Company has a strong market in the North American region. In the second quarter of 2011 the company’s overall volume increased by 6%. The growth in volume in north America was 4% while the operating income increased by 46% which was highest compared to the percentage increase in other markets. The percentage increase in net operating revenue in North American market was also the highest compared to the increase in other geographical markets where the company operates. The organic volume that is the volume achieved from the company’s core operations was more or less same in the second quarter. In North American market the company acquired the bottler CCE which had a positive effect on the company. In North American market the company’s carbonated soft drinks’ volume grew by 6%. The company spent a lot of money in North American market for promoting carbonated soft drinks as result the its organic volume declined. In North American markets the comp any performed well in terms of volume. The Gold Peak tea itself grew by 38% where as the volume of Powerade and Smart water also grew. Hence in North America the company performed better in the quarter (The Coca-Cola Company, 2011, p.6). Profitability Drivers The Coca Cola Company achieved a higher profit than expected in the 2nd quarter of 2011. There are many reasons behind the increase in profits. The main drivers of profitability of Coca- Cola Company for the quarterly profits are overall growth in volume, price mix and different structural change. During the 2nd quarter of 2011 the company achieved growth in volume world wide. In every market whether it is European market or North American or Latin America or Pacific or Asian the volume grew in every market. Increase in sales volume automatically increases the sales revenue and hence their profits get increased. Some structural changes like the sale of Norway and Sweden bottlers help to reduce the expenses of the company. In No rth American market the company was able to increase its retail price by 3% to 4% in the 2nd quarter which in turn helped the company to reduce the high commodity costs. The increase in volume will definitely help the company to achieve its long terms goal. The structural changes were made to place the company in a better position in long run which will complement the company in its long term goals (The Coca-Cola Company, 2011, p.8). Comparison of EPS with Historic Results and Long Term Growth With increase in the volume and profits the earning per share of Coca-Cola

Supply Chain Management Essay Example for Free

Supply Chain Management Essay All supply chain management shares one common, and central, objective – to satisfy the end customer. All stages in a chain must eventually include consideration of the final customer, no matter how far an individual operation is from the end-customer. Each operation in the chain should be satisfying its own customer, but also making sure that eventually the end-customer is also satisfied. Supply chain objectives Meeting the requirements of end-customers requires the supply chain to achieve appropriate levels of the five operations performance objectives: quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and cost. Quality – the quality of a product or service when it reaches the customer is a function of the quality performance of every operation in the chain that supplied it. Errors in each stage of the chain can multiply in their effect on end-customer service. Speed has two meanings in a supply chain context. The first is how fast customers can be served, an important element in any business’s ability to compete. However, fast customer response can be achieved simply by over-resourcing or over-stocking within the supply chain. Dependability – like speed, one can almost guarantee ‘on-time’ delivery by keeping excessive resources, such as inventory, within the chain. However, dependability of throughput time is a much more desirable aim because it reduces uncertainty within the chain. Flexibility – in a supply chain context is usually taken to mean the chain’s ability to cope with changes and disturbances. Very often this is referred to as supply chain agility. The concept of agility includes previously discussed issues such as focusing on the end-customer and ensuring fast throughput and responsiveness to customer needs. But, in addition, agile supply chains are sufficiently flexible to cope with changes, either in the nature of customer demand or in the supply capabilities of operations within the chain. Cost – in addition to the costs incurred within each operation, the supply chain as a whole incurs additional costs that derive from each operation in a chain doing business with each other. These may include such things as the costs of finding appropriate suppliers, setting up contractual agreements, monitoring supply performance, transporting products between operations, holding inventories, and so on. 5 factors for rating alternative suppliers Short-term ability to supply Range of products or services provided Quality of products or services Responsiveness Dependability of supply Delivery and volume flexibility Total cost of being supplied Ability to supply in the required quantity Long-term ability to supply Potential for innovation Ease of doing business Willingness to share risk Long-term commitment to supply Ability to transfer knowledge as well as products and services Technical capability Operation capability Financial capability Managerial capability Choosing suppliers should involve evaluating the relative importance of all these factors. 6 supply chain relationship business-to-business (B2B) relationships are by far the most common in a supply chain context and include some of the e-procurement exchange networks discussed earlier. Business-to-consumer (B2C) relationships include both ‘bricks and mortar’ retailers and online retailers. Consumer-to-business (C2B) relationships involve consumers posting their needs on the web (sometimes stating the price they are willing to pay), companies then deciding whether to offer. Customer-to-customer (C2C) or peer-to-peer (P2P) relationships include the online exchange and auction services and file sharing services. 7 types of supply chain relationship The very opposite of performing an operation in-house is to purchase goods and services from outside in a ‘pure’ market fashion, often seeking the ‘best’ supplier every time it is necessary to purchase. Each transaction effectively becomes a separate decision. The relationship between buyer and seller, therefore, can be very short-term. Once the goods or services are delivered and payment is made, there may be no further trading between the parties. The advantages of traditional market supplier relationships are usually seen as follows: ââ€"  They maintain competition between alternative suppliers. This promotes a constant drive between suppliers to provide best value. ââ€"  A supplier specializing in a small number of products or services  (or perhaps just one), but supplying them to many customers, can gain natural economies of scale. This enables the supplier to offer the products and services at a lower price than would be obtained if customers per formed the activities themselves on a smaller scale. ââ€"  There is inherent flexibility in outsourced supplies. If demand changes, customers can simply change the number and type of suppliers. This is a far faster and simpler alternative to having to redirect their internal activities. ââ€"  Innovations can be exploited no matter where they originate. Specialist suppliers are more likely to come up with innovative products and services which can be bought in faster and cheaper than would be the case if the company were itself trying to innovate. ââ€"  They help operations to concentrate on their core activities. One business cannot be good at everything. It is sensible therefore to concentrate on the important activities and outsource the rest. There are, however, disadvantages in buying in a totally ‘free market’ manner: ââ€"  There may be supply uncertainties. Once an order has been placed, it is difficult to maintain control over how that order is fulfilled. ââ€"  Choosing who to buy from takes time and effort. Gathering sufficient information and making decisions continually are, in themselves, activities which need to be resourced ââ€"  There are strategic risks in subcontracting activities to other businesses. An over-reliance on outsourcing can ‘hollow out’ the company, leaving it with no internal capabilities which it can exploit in its markets. Short-term relationships may be used on a trial basis when new companies are being considered as more regular suppliers. Also, many purchases which are made by operations are one-off or very irregular. For example, the replacement of all the windows in a company’s office block would typically involve this type of competitive-tendering market relationship. In some public-sector operations, purchasing is still based on short-term contracts. This is mainly because of the need to prove that public money is being spent as judiciously as possible. However, this short-term, price-oriented type of relationship can have a downside in terms of ongoing support and reliability. This may mean that a short-term ‘least-cost’ purchase decision will lead to long-term high cost. Virtual operations An extreme form of outsourcing operational activities is that of the virtual  operation. Virtual operations do relatively little themselves, but rely on a network of suppliers that can provide products and services on demand. A network may be formed for only one project and then disbanded once that project ends. The advantage of virtual operations is their flexibility and the fact that the risks of investing in production facilities are far lower than in a conventional operation. However, without any solid base of resources, a company may find it difficult to hold onto and develop a unique core of technical expertise. The resources used by virtual companies will almost certainly be available to competitors. In effect, the core competence of a virtual operation can only lie in the way it is able to manage its supply network. ‘Partnership’ supply relationships Partnership relationships in supply chains are sometimes seen as a compromise between vertical integration on the one hand (owning the resources which supply you) and pure market relationships on the other (having only a transactional relationship with those who supply you). Although to some extent this is true, partnership relationships are not only a simple mixture of vertical integration and market trading, although they do attempt to achieve some of the closeness and coordination efficiencies of vertical integration, but at the same time attempt to achieve a relationship that has a constant incentive to improve. Partnership relationships are defined as: ‘relatively enduring inter-firm cooperative agreements, involving flows and linkages that use resources and/or governance structures from autonomous organizations, for the joint accomplishment of individual goals linked to the corporate mission of each sponsoring firm’.11 What this means is that suppliers and customer s are expected to cooperate, even to the extent of sharing skills and resources, to achieve joint benefits beyond those they ould have achieved by acting alone. At the heart of the concept of partnership lies the issue of the closeness of the relationship. Partnerships are close relationships, the degree of which is influenced by a number of factors, as follows: ââ€"  Sharing success. An attitude of shared success means that both partners work together in order to increase the total amount of joint benefit they receive, rather than manoeuvring to maximize their own individual contribution. ââ€"  Long-term expectations. Partnership relationships imply relatively long-term commitments, but not  necessarily permanent ones. ââ€"  Multiple points of contact. Communication between partners is not only through formal channels, but may take place between many individuals in both organizations. ââ€"  Joint learning. Partners in a relationship are committed to learn from each other’s experience and perceptions of the other operations in the chain. ââ€"  Few relationships. Although partnership relationships do not necessarily imply single sourcing by customers, they do imply a commitment on the part of both parties to limit the number of customers or suppliers with whom they do business. It is difficult to maintain close relationships with many different trading partners. ââ€"  Joint coordination of activities. Because there are fewer relationships, it becomes possible jointly to coordinate activities such as the flow of materials or service, payment, and so on. ââ€"  Information transparency. An open and efficient information exchange is seen as a key element in partnerships because it helps to build confidence between the partners. ââ€"  Joint problem-solving. Although partnerships do not always run smoothly, jointly approaching problems can increase closeness over time. ââ€"  Trust. This is probably the key element in partnership relationships. In this context, trust means the willingness of one party to relate to the other on the understanding that the relationship will be beneficial to both, even though that cannot be guaranteed. Trust is widely held to be both the key issue in successful partnerships, but also, by far, the most difficult element to develop and maintain. 8 Matching the supply chain with market requirements. The supply chain policies which are seen to be appropriate for functional products and innovative products are termed by Fisher efficient supply chain policies and responsive supply chain policies, respectively. Efficient supply chain policies include keeping inventories low, especially in the downstream parts of the network, so as to maintain fast throughput and reduce the amount of working capital tied up in the inventory. What inventory there is in the network is concentrated mainly in the manufacturing operation, where it can keep utilization high and therefore manufacturing costs low. Information must flow quickly up and down the chain from retail outlets back up to the manufacturer so that schedules can be given the maximum amount of time to adjust efficiently. The chain is then managed to make sure that products  flow as quickly as possible down the chain to replenish what few stocks are kept downstream. By contrast, responsive supply chain policy stresses high service levels and responsive supply to the end-customer. The inventory in the network will be deployed as closely as possible to the customer. In this way, the chain can still supply even when dramatic changes occur in customer demand. Fast throughput from the upstream parts of the chain will still be needed to replenish downstream stocks. But those downstream stocks are needed to ensure high levels of availability to end-customers. 9 The bullwhip effect The ‘bullwhip effect’, is used to describe how a small disturbance at the downstream end of a supply chain causes increasingly large disturbances, errors, inaccuracies and volatility as it works its way upstream. Its main cause is an understandable desire by the different links in the supply chain to manage their production rates and inventory levels sensibly. Miscommunication in the supply chain Whenever two operations in a supply chain arrange for one to provide products or services to the other, there is the potential for misunderstanding and miscommunication. This may be caused simply by not being sufficiently clear about what a customer expects or what a supplier is capable of delivering. There may also be more subtle reasons stemming from differences in perception of seemingly clear agreements. The effect is analogous to the children’s game of ‘Chinese whispers’. The first child whispers a message to the next child who, whether he or she has heard it clearly or not, whispers an interpretation to the next child, and so on. The more children the message passes between, the more distorted it tends to become. The last child says out loud what the message is, and the children are amused by the distortion of the original message. Reducing bullwhip effect Reduce lead time Information sharing One of the reasons for the fluctuations in output described in the example earlier was that each operation in the chain reacted to the orders placed by  its immediate customer. None of the operations had an overview of what was happening throughout the chain. If information had been available and shared throughout the chain, it is unlikely that such wild fluctuations would have occurred. It is sensible therefore to try to transmit information throughout the chain so that all the operations can monitor true demand, free of these distortions. An obvious improvement is to make information on end-customer demand available to upstream operations. Inventory pooling Stable prices 10 time compression One of the most important approaches to improving the operational efficiency of supply chains is known as time compression. This means speeding up the flow of materials down the chain and the flow of information back up the chain. The supply chain dynamics effect was due partly to the slowness of information moving back up the chain.